😀 EASY
This quiz includes questions covering bone structure, formation, growth and repair. Enjoy!
Reviewed by Jonathan Loomes-Vrdoljak
Bone Structure
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Question 1 |
Which of these is not a feature of cortical bone?
Resists stresses produced by weight and movement | |
Reduces weight of bones | |
Provides support and protection to spongy bone in the centre
| |
Strong but heavy | |
Forms the outer layer of all bones |
Question 2 |
What is the development of bone cells?
Mesenchymal stem cells--> osteoprogenitor cells--> osteoblast-->osteocyte | |
Mesenchymal stem cells--> osteoblast--> osteoprogenitor cells-->osteocyte | |
Osteocyte--> osteoprogenitor cells--> osteoclast--> mesenchymal stem cells | |
Mesenchymal stem cells--> osteoprogenitor cells--> osteoclast-->osteocyte | |
Osteocyte--> osteoprogenitor cells--> osteoblast-->mesenchymal stem cells |
Question 3 |
Which of the following is not true of osteocytes?
Involved in calcium homeostasis | |
Occupy lacunae surrounded by bone matrix
| |
Gap junctions between dendritic processes of osteocytes allow transfer of ions and nutrients
| |
No cell division | |
Secrete matrix |
Question 4 |
Describe the process of bone resorption.
Osteocytes move to the area that needs to be resorbed. They form a tight seal on the bone with their ruffled border on the bone surface, and release enzymes (to breaks down organic portion of bone matrix) and hydrochloric acid (to dissolve inorganic salts of bone matrix). | |
Osteoblasts move to the area that needs to be resorbed. They form a tight seal on the bone with their ruffled border on the bone surface, and release enzymes (to breaks down organic portion of bone matrix) and hydrochloric acid (to dissolve inorganic salts of bone matrix). | |
Osteoclasts move to the area that needs to be resorbed. They form a tight seal on the bone with their ruffled border on the bone surface, and release enzymes (to breaks down organic portion of bone matrix) and hydrochloric acid (to dissolve inorganic salts of bone matrix). | |
Osteoclasts move to the area that needs to be resorbed. They form a tight seal on the bone with their ruffled border on the bone surface, and release osteoblasts (to breaks down organic portion of bone matrix) and hydrochloric acid (to dissolve inorganic salts of bone matrix). | |
Osteoblasts move to the area that needs to be resorbed. They form a tight seal on the bone with their ruffled border on the bone surface, and release osteoclasts (to breaks down organic portion of bone matrix) and hydrochloric acid (to dissolve inorganic salts of bone matrix). |
Question 5 |
Which is true of RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand)?
Activation leads to bone formation | |
Bind to RANK on osteoblasts for activation | |
Binds to RANK to activate osteoclasts | |
Activated by OPG | |
Produced by osteoclasts |
Question 5 Explanation:
RANKL is expressed by osteoblasts and T cells and binds to the RANK membrane receptor found on monocytes triggering their differentiation into osteoclasts which go on to break down bone.
OPG can also bind to RANKL, preventing it from activating osteoclasts. As OPG production is up-regulated by oestrogen, after women go through the menopause, they are at a greater risk from osteoporosis because there is less OPG so less inhibition of osteoclast activation.
Question 6 |
Which of the following is not a process of intramembranous ossification?
Membrane of mesenchyme differentiates directly into osteogenic cells | |
The matrix develops into spongy/trabecular bone around the capillaries | |
Osteoblasts cluster together and secrete organic bone matrix | |
Mesenchyme differentiates to cartilage which then differentiates into osteogenic cells | |
The bone matrix becomes calcified
|
Question 6 Explanation:
Intramembranous ossification is the development of bone directly from mesenchyme, without a cartilage precursor. Endochondral ossification is the process that proceeds via an intermediate cartilage stage.
Question 7 |
Which of the following is not a zone in the epiphyseal growth plate?
Ossification (osteogenic) zone | |
Growth (proliferation) zone | |
Hypertrophic zone | |
Resting zone | |
Degenerative (reabsorption) zone |
Question 8 |
What part of the bone does a Salter-Harris fracture always involve?
Metaphysis | |
Epiphysis | |
Diaphysis | |
Growth plate | |
Articular cartilage |
Question 9 |
Which population does Greenstick fractures commonly occur in?
Children | |
Adolescences | |
Middle age | |
Elderly | |
Athletes |
Question 10 |
What is the order of the fracture healing stages?
Haematoma--> Callus-->Granulation tissue--> Woven bone--> Lamellar bone--> Remodelling
| |
Haematoma-->Granulation tissue--> Callus--> Woven bone--> Lamellar bone--> Remodelling | |
Haematoma-->Granulation tissue--> Callus--> Weak bone--> Large bone--> Remodelling | |
Haematoma-->Granulation tissue--> Callus--> Weak bone--> Lamellar bone--> Remodelling | |
Callus-->Granulation tissue--> Haematoma--> Woven bone--> Lamellar bone--> Remodelling |
Question 11 |
What are the three factors that aid fracture healing?
Wound opening
Space between bones Adequate blood supply | |
Stability of the fracture Infection Adequate blood supply | |
Movement of fracture Apposition of bone ends Adequate blood supply | |
Stability of the fracture Apposition of bone ends Adequate blood supply | |
Infection Apposition of bone ends Adequate blood supply |
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